ALEVEL经济考试不光在于涉及范围广,还在于有很多容易混淆的概念。本文就结合真题带大家梳理一下商品分类和生产资料这两个重要知识点的考法与解题思路。下次在ALEVEL经济考试碰到这类题,就再也不用担心因为分不清概念导致不必要的失分啦。
ALEVEL经济考试试卷分为Paper 1和Paper 2,分别是AS阶段的选择题和大题,占40和60%分值比例。
试卷Paper 3和 Paper 4分别是A2阶段的选择题和大题,分别占35%和65%的分值比例。
其中Paper 2和Paper 4大题题型都是相同的,即大题有data response 和 essay。当然大题里面难点和重点是essay,分值大概占50%以上。
生产资料是ALEVEL经济考试的重要考点,它可以分为四种:土地、劳工、资本和企业家,其中又数企业家的作用比较抽象。好好理解好它们之间的联系对在A-level 经济学拿到高分有至关重要的作用。
下面我们通过真题看看关于商品分类和生产资料的问题的问法和解题思路。(CIE考试局)
(a) Outline the functions of the factor enterprise in a modern economy, and explain how enterprise responds to a rise in the demand for a good.
(b) Discuss why some goods and services are provided by private enterprise and others are provided by the government in a mixed economy.
首先是审题的部分,我们先来看看(a)部分。
关键词是:factor enterprise。
问题翻译过来就是,在现代经济中,列出企业家作为生产要素之一的作用并且解释当需求增加时,企业家会作何应对。我们应该从knowledge and understanding 和application 两个角度来分别回答作用和反应。
对于(b)部分来说:
关键词是:private enterprise 和government。
问题让我们来讨论一下在混合经济中,为什么有的商品是由私有经济部分提供的,有的商品则由政府来提供。
其次,我们需要针对ALEVEL经济考试题目,对答案的内容和逻辑关系进行梳理。
我们先看(a)部分,从knowledge and understanding的角度来说,我们应该回答factor enterprise 的functions : organization and risk taking。
从application的角度来说,我们要在这里写出企业家会怎么应对需求的增加和所带来的价格增加。
然后我们再来看看(b)部分,我们需要从analysis和evaluation两个角度来讨论。
在analysis部分,我们应该讨论私有经济和政府如何生产merit&demerit 和public&private goods。
在evaluation的部分,我们要讨论private sector 和government 生产不同商品的效果如何。
(a)Enterprise as a factor organizes other factors like land、labour and capital to work collaboratively during process of production.
The other role enterprise plays during production is to take the risks of potential failure. (组织其他生产资料和承担风险)As demand for a good rises, enterprise is likely to increase the supply by hiring more labour or investing more.
Consequently, the price of the good is likely to increase as the cost of production rises. (企业家通过雇佣更多的劳工和增加投资来进阶产量;会带来价格增加的后果。) (b)private goods are exclusive and rivalry while public goods are non-exclusive and non-rivalry. Generally privet enterprises produce private goods to maximise their profits and public goods are provided by government like national defense and health care to maximise social welfare. According to merit and demerit goods, merit goods refers to the consumption of which leads to positive externality, but negative externality is associated with the consumption of demerit goods. Private enterprise tend to produce both merit and demerit goods due to greater profit. Therefore, over-consumption and over-provision may arise if demerit goods are consumed over too much; and social welfare would decline. In the other hand government are likely to provide as much merit goods as possible due to its positive externality which would increase the total social welfare.
(解释商品的分类;私有经济和政府如何提供不同的商品和所带来的后果;该题目提到了mixed economy 不需要过度解读,只是在告诉我们不是完全的市场或者计划经济体制)
相信认真刷到这里的小伙伴, 肯定不会在ALEVEL经济考试把public&private goods 和 merit&demerit goods这些概念再混淆了。
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