AP英语语言与写作的7大英语句法结构 你都彻底掌握了吗

许多AP英语语言与写作的考生都会遇到长难句阅读困难的问题。今天我们就通过分析权威新闻报道、英文名著小说等材料中的原文句子，为大家整理7个英语句法知识，如平行结构、分割结构、IT从句等等。

1AP英语语言与写作句法知识：It形式主语从句

有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： 

 （1） It + be + 名词 + that从句 

It is common knowledge that      是常识 

It is a surprise that      令人惊奇的是

 It is a fact that      事实是 

 （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句 

It is necessary that      有必要 

 It is important that      重要的是

 It is obvious that      很明显 

 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 

 It is believed that      人们相信

 It is known to all that      众所周知

 It has been decided that      已决定 

4） It + 不及物动词 + that 从句

 It appears that      似乎 

 It happens that      碰巧

 It occurred to me that     我突然想起

2AP英语语言与写作句法知识：强调句 

为了突出句子中的某一部分，我们通常会使用某种方法或手段使它突出，以便能引起他人的注意，这就是强调，与此相关的句子就是强调句。强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。 二、强调句表现形式 英语表示强调的方法很多，比如在口语中可以用重读来强调，在书面语中则可通过使用表示强调意义的词语来强调，也可以通过将被强调成分置于句首这样的“显要”位置来强调，还可以使用专门的强调句式来强调。    与it形式主语类似的句子强调句也是句法常见的长难句。这种句子也是从it主语开始，但强调句的作用是为了强调it与that从句之间的介词或名词短语。

例子3：

“

“It was under the first Roosevelt that America pulled decisively away from a laissez-faire approach, setting up the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act to protect consumers.”《经济学人》

在这句话作者是旨在强调介词短语“under the first Roosevelt“，因此我们在做中文翻译的时候可以特意翻译成”就是从罗斯福开始之下，美国决定性地采取自由放任的做法，设定“纯食品和药品法案”和“联邦肉类检验法案”旨在保护消费者。“用上“就是”二词为了强调这个under the first Roosevelt的重要性。

例子4：

“

It was in this world of woman speech, loud talk, angry words, women with tongues quick and sharp, tender sweet tongues, touching our world with their worlds, that I make speech my birthright-and the right to voice, to authorship, a privilege I would not be denied.

在这句话中我们可以明显感觉到作者愤怒的情感通过强调介词短语in this world of woman speech, loud talk, angry words, women with tongues quick and sharp, tender sweet tongues, touching our world with their worlds。

因此我们在理解这个句子的时候可以说“就是在这个世界上，女人们讲话，大声说话，愤怒的话语，女人们用快速，尖锐，温柔甜美的语气来用他们的世界触摸我们的世界。我拥有与生俱来的说话的权利以及发表意见的权利。我不会拒绝这种特权。”

例子讲到这里，你可能会问如何区分it形式主语句子和it强调句。其实这两种类型非常清晰。你只需要去掉除掉”it was/is…that”这个框架。如果剩余的成分可以形成一个完整的句子，那么它的句型是强调句子，反之亦然。

例如我们这里的例子3和4，去掉it was...that之后“Under the first Roosevelt, America pulled decisively away from a laissez-faire approach, setting up the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act to protect consumers.和“ In this world of woman speech, loud talk, angry words, women with tongues quick and sharp, tender sweet tongues, touching our world with their worlds, I make speech my birthright-and the right to voice, to authorship, a privilege I would not be denied.”

两个句子没有语法错误，反观例子1去掉it is…that这个框架之后，句子变成了“impossible,the surprising strength of manufacturing employment is a temporary phenomenon, and that it will soon revert to its earlier, downward trend.”这个句子明显impossible这里和尴尬了，所以这一句就不是强调句子只是简单的it形式主语从句。诸如此类的例子很多，有兴趣的同学可以自己试一下。

3AP英语语言与写作句法知识：倒装

除了it强调句之外，倒装句也是一种常见的强调句式。倒装句式结构是为了强调和突出其他词语的目的，需要注意原始句子顺序进行反转。在这种倒置句子中，我们在理解句子只需要把它恢复到原始位置即可，且句子意义基本不变，句法元素保持不变。

例如，在经典的小说《简爱》“Still more was I puzzled when he would invariably make light of their solitude” 其实正确的语序应该是“ I puzzled when he would invariably make light of their solitude was still more”。

句子的理解也是按照正确的语序理解“当他总是让他们的孤独光线更加明显时，我感到困惑。”通过这个例子，我们也可以看到除了强调still more之外，实际上还有一个更重要的用法，就是平衡句子结构，也就是尾重原则。因此，如果句子的主语太长，它将反转句子，因此句子更平衡。例如“Underpinning the results, though, is the deepening of a structural shift in American politics that will make the country harder to govern for the foreseeable future.”

这句话正确的语序是 “The deepening of a structural shift in American politics that will make the country harder to govern for the foreseeable future is underpinning the results, though. 这句话的理解是尽管美国政治结构性转变的深化将使该国在可预见的未来更难以治理，但是这个支撑这个结果。一般情况倒装都是宾语是介词短语或者doing/done短语或者adj，并且不会很长。

4AP英语语言与写作句法知识：平行结构 

实际上，平行结构在英语中也是一种非常常见的语法。它把具有相同语法结构的相似短语或句子平衡。平行结构的应用会影响可读性，并且可以使文本更容易处理。

例如在AP真题中，“‘We may talk about our troubles to those persons who can give us direct help, but ...’ ‘We may also tell out troubles to those who are suffering if we can lessen their own’…”（“我们可以向那些能给予我们直接帮助的人谈论我们的麻烦，但是......如果我们能够自我减轻，我们也可以告诉那些痛苦的人）这句话中重复出现”we may talk…we may also tell…”是文章更具有可读性。

这样的模式可以通过一些连词来轻易识别，例如'and, or, but, not only…but also, yet, rather than…. 等来识别。还有“literary activities not only permeated daily life; they did so in ways that were at once participatory and collaborative”（文学活动不仅渗透到日常生活中;他们这样做是以参与和协作的方式进行的）我们可以看到短语“not only…so”。

例子5 : 

“

It takes free open-source software, makes some improvements, bundles it with other tools, and services such as technical support, and charges a monthly subscriptions fee.

（它使用了一些免费软件，进行一些改进，将其与其他工具捆绑在一起，以及为这些技术支持提供服务，并按月收取订阅费。）这个句子的平行结构是用and把does句式结构平行。

例子6 : 

“

If it had been the close friend who gave you the information and the acquaintance who was about to make the mistake, you would almost certainly think about your choice differently-as you would if you thought that the acquaintance was a nasty person, or that the friend was a lucky person, or that the statute of limitations on the secret has probably run out, or that you had acquired a terrible habit of betraying confidences and really ought to break it.

（如果是亲密的朋友给了你一些信息，你的熟人犯了错误，你几乎肯定会以不同的方式思考你的选择 - 就像你认为熟人是一个讨厌的人，或者朋友是一个幸运的人，或者对这个秘密的限制法规一样可能已经用完了，或者你已经养成了背叛信心的糟糕习惯，而且真的应该打破它。）这个句子中通过or把所有的that从句连接起来，使得句式更加的磅礴。

给大家一个小测试，大家看一下以下句子的平行结构大家找了么？

▼

“

“But holding China to account is hard with the existing rule book. The reforms being talked about by the EU, Japan and America could plug many of the gaps. They would set out how to judge the scale of government distortions to the market, make it easier to gather information on wrong doing and set the boundaries for proportionate retaliation. They would also define what exactly counts as an arm of the government, and broaden the scope of banned subsidies. And they would lower the burden of proof for complainants, which, given the opacity of the Chinese system, is too high.”

5AP英语语言与写作句法知识：省略句 

省略句就是把句子中重复出现的内容省略删除，使得句子结构更加简洁。例如“Fire when ready“把be动词省略，完整的句式结构是Fire when you are ready。同样的be动词省略常见于新闻标题，例如“‘Scotland to free sanitary products to all students in world first’ or ‘Student journalism in the age of media distrust’”这两个来自卫报的新闻标题使得这两篇的报道更加简洁。

除此之外，在一些平行结构中，句子往往会省略一些相同的单词，尤其是名词短语或动词短语，例如"Lorries are mentioned with GPS trackers to measure performance and ensure that unscrupulous trash collectors do not dump the stuff illegally rather than drive it to formal disposal sites."（卡车被装上了GPS跟踪器为了衡量其表现并确保不道德的垃圾收集者不会非法倒垃圾，而非把它带到正式的处置场所）”中的 “rather than drive it to formal disposal sites’ 实际上是‘rather than unscrupulous trash collectors do not drive it to formal disposal sites’，rather than短语把和前面的unscrupulous trash collectors名词短语省略。

6AP英语语言与写作句法知识：从句 

长难句之所难其实很大的原因来源于从句很多，一般的简单句子只有一个主谓宾，而复杂句可能包含两个或者三个甚至更多的主谓宾结构。在这种情况下我们可以先把从句剔除留下主句即可。

所谓主句就是没有从句连词的句子；而与之相对应的从句就是有从句连词的句子。比如“if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.”这句话很明显if以及第二个as后面接的句子是从句，而I should have made it as hard for you to leave me没有任何连词就是主句。而本句的主要信息就是要表达I should have made it as hard for you to leave me.

从句的作用主要是充当一些名词，形容词和副词的作用，我们在对句子的理解时候只要根据从句所充当的词性进行理解就可以。例如上面的if和as从句充当的词性是副词，副词则是修饰句子的和句子形成时间，地点，条件等逻辑关系。

而在例子7中，

“That means that the most lasting policy announcement of the week could yet be the one made on the day before Mr Juncker’s arrival, when Sonny Perdue, Mr Trump’s agriculture secretary, outlined a relief package of up to $12bn for American farmers hit by retaliatory tariffs from America’s trade partners”，（《经济学人》）中“that the most lasting policy announcement of the week could yet be the one made on the day”充当的是名词的作用，是动词means的宾语。

例子8中: 

“

“Self-conscious about their letters, which they knew would be read aloud or passed around among family members, young women labored over their literary production”

这个句子里面的which they knew would be read aloud or passed around among family members从句作为形容词修饰的是前面的名词their letters。同样的用法在句子9中“Complaining of unfair treatment, the administration is blocking nominations to seats on the WTO’s appellate body, which could leave it unable to hear cases after 2019"，也有所体现，其中which所引导的从句修饰的是前面的名词body。

在对于从句的理解中只要弄清楚从句所做的作用，理解起来也就不难了。

7AP英语语言与写作句法知识：分割结构 

最后一种常见的句法结构解释分割。所谓的分割结构也就是把英语句子中原本属于句子的成分进行划分，其中一些保留在句子的原始位置，而另一些则通过使用标点符号，如双逗号和双破折号，或短语与句子将其分开，这样做的目的也是为了尾重原则。

例如10中: 

“

The constitutional problem that America is heading towards is that the Justice Department’s protocol not to prosecute sitting presidents dates from another age, when a president could be expected to resign with a modicum of honor before any charges were drawn up, as Nixon did.

（美国正走向的宪法问题是，司法部不起诉现任总统的协议可追溯到另一个时代，那时候总统可能被要求以极少的票数辞职。，在起草任何指控之前，总统可以先自我辞职，就像尼克松一样）。在这句你只需要关注“The constitutional problem is that the Justice Department’s protocol not to prosecute sitting presidents dates from another age”.中间有that从句引导的内容你可以先忽略。

今天我们对AP英语语言与写作中的七种基本的的句法结构类型，希望能对大家的长难句阅读有所帮助。

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