很多同学在GCSE化学复习时会沉迷知识点梳理、错题整理,忽略了对指令词的透彻理解。殊不知如果没有真正掌握指令词,复习工作做得再好也是白搭。今天我们就结合例题与答案为大家梳理一下GCSE化学考试常见指令词,在理解这些词真正含义的过程中,也能让你在GCSE化学复习过程中更靠近满分标准,对知识有一个新的理解维度哦。
GCSE化学考试简介
IGCSE 阶段的化学包括基础化学理论,认识常见化学物质以及学习简单的化学反应。内容涉及到物质状态,基本实验方法,原子理论简介,方程式的书写、配平及计算,化学反应速率及能量变化,基本反应类型(氧化还原反应、酸碱反应、金属及非金属),有机化学等等。
IGCSE化学包含3张paper,学习核心大纲的学员考paper1、paper2及paper5/paper6。学习拓展大纲的学员考paper2、paper4及paper5/paper6。
GCSE化学复习需看指令词
1 State
“State”(或“give”/” name”)问题是考试中最直接的指令词式的问题。回答这类问题,你只需要回忆一个事实、定义或方程,并把它写下来。
例题:
Question:
Lithium, sodium and potassium are in group 1 of the periodic table. State, in terms of the electrons in their atoms, what the atoms of lithium, sodium and potassium have in common.
Answer:
2 Describe
在“Describe”问题中,学员只需要写出看到了什么(或者已经发生了什么或者将要发生什么)。解释其他的事情是不会得到额外分数的,在下面的两个例子中,我们划出了问题中的线索,这些线索可以引导你准确地描述考官想要的内容。
例题1:
Question:
Potassium forms an ionic compound with sulfur. Describe what happens when two atoms of potassium react with one atom of sulfur. Give your answer in terms of electron transfer. Give the formulae of the ions formed.
Answer:
例题2:
Question:
A student removed water from salty water using the apparatus below. Describe how this technique works by referring to the processes at A and B.
Answer:
3 Explain
“Explain”问题通常比“describe”问题更难(因此分值也更高)。如果一个“describe”问题问的是发生了什么,那么相应的“Explain”问题问的就是发生的原因。
例题:
Question:
Explain why an atom has no overall charge. Use the relative electrical charges of sub-atomic particles in your explanation.
Answer:
4 Calculate
在“Calculate”问题中,学员需要选择正确的方程,将正确的数字代入正确的位置,并写下最终答案。有时还会要求在答案中包含正确的单位,或者到一定数量的有效数字。
例题:
Question:
Calculate the mass of 0.1 mole of SO3
Answer:
关于摩尔(mole)这里有一个比较重要的概念需要跟大家强调一下。摩尔是一个代表数字的词,它代表数字6.022 x 10 ²³,这个数也被称为阿伏伽德罗数。阿伏伽德罗常数是化学中一个非常重要的概念,它指的是1摩尔的任何粒子集合体中含有的粒子数。关于阿伏伽德罗常数的理解与计算也是大家在学习中需要关注的重点。
5 Evaluate
在“evaluate”问题中,学员需要写下某物的优点和缺点。要获得满分,你需要写一篇详细而连贯的论证,考虑一系列的利弊,得出与你的推理相一致的结论,表明自己对关键观点有很好的理解。
例题:
Question:
Evaluate the production and use of bottles made from soda-lime glass and those made from HD poly(ethene). Use the information given and your knowledge and understanding to justify your choice of material for milk bottles.
Answer:
There are two stages in production of soda-lime glass. The second stage involvesheating sand, limestone and sodium carbonate. In HDPE there are three stages in production.
[The first stage is given in the question, so use your knowledge here to show that you understandthe process]. The second stage involves cracking of naphtha to obtain ethene and the third stageinvolves the polymerisation of ethane.
Fewer stages in glass production may be quicker. The higher temperature in glass manufacturemay require more energy. Glass bottles can be reused although there may be costs associatedwith the collection/ cleaning for reuse. Glass can be recycled into new products. Plastic has greater range of sizes. Both are produced from limited raw materials. Since a higher percentageof recycled materials is used to make new bottles, I would choose glass as it conserves rawmaterials.
6 Compare
在“Compare”问题中,学员需要写出两个(或更多)事物之间的相似点和不同点。一般来说,一份评分方案会根据相似点和不同点给相同的分数,所以一定要把两者都包括进去。
例题:
Question:
In the periodic table, the transition elements and Group 1 elements are metals. Use your own knowledge to compare the chemical and physical properties of transition elements and Group 1 elements.
Answer:
7 Discuss
“Discuss”问题会有点麻烦,因为它们比其他类型的问题更开放。想在这类题目中拿高分,你需要对问题主题有很好的了解,并且注意问题的措辞和可得分数。
例题:
Question:
Diesel is the fuel used in most bus engines. Research is being carried out into the use of hydrogen, instead of diesel, as a fuel for buses. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen, rather than diesel, as a fuel for buses.
Answer:
希望大家不论是在GCSE化学复习还是考试时,都能注意到这些指令词,根据争取理解来润色答案,就能更靠近评分标准,用一样的解题时间获得更多的分数。
不过GCSE化学复习比体制内化学范围更广,内容更多,而且还涉及到很多计算,对于刚学习国际课程的同学来说还是很有难度的,如果你还没有找到适合自己的学习节奏,点击预约试听【唯寻IGCSE同步培训班】,唯寻教学天团授课,针对不同问题点设置不同课程和教学方法,主动介入式管理,帮助学员为ALEVEL和IB打好坚实基础,同时精准把握考试动向,高效冲A*。
AS成绩取消后,IGCSE/GCSE在申请中的重要性越发无法忽视,快把握好重要的IGCSE阶段,为将来的申请积累优势吧。
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