ALevel化学概念整理 Alkane的知识点你了解多少

同学们在学习ALevel化学时，是不是发现有机化学部分的知识点多而杂，不好复习。下面给大家带来一些ALevel化学概念总结，希望大家在学有机化学这边时都能够拿到高分。

以CAIE ALevel Chemistry考试大纲为例，来看对Alkane的考察要求：

a) understand the general unreactivity of alkanes, including towards polar reagents

b) describe the chemistry of alkanes as exemplified by the following reactions of ethane:

(i) combustion

(ii) substitution by chlorine and by bromine

c) describe the mechanism of free-radical substitution at methyl groups with particular reference to the initiation, propagation and termination reactions

d) explain the use of crude oil as a source of both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

e) suggest how cracking can be used to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes of lower Mr from larger hydrocarbon molecules 

ALevel化学概念总结

Catalytic converter

A device fitted in a car to reduce the amount of emissions from an internal combustion engine. They use expensive metals like platinum and rhodium as the heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst is mounted on a ceramic honeycomb to maximise the surface area.

Catalytic cracking

 A type of cracking that takes place at a slight pressure, high temperature and in the presence of a zeolite catalyst and is used mainly to produce motor fuels and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Combustion of alkanes

Combustion of alkanes releases energy. 

During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised. Alkanes can undergo complete or incomplete combustion. Water and carbon dioxide are the only products of the complete combustion, whereas carbon monoxide and carbon particulates can be produced in incomplete 

combustion.

Cracking

A process which involves breaking C-C bonds in alkanes to produce shorter chained alkanes and alkenes.

Crude oil

A finite resource found in rocks. It is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud. Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

Fractional distillation

A method of separating a mixture of substances according to their different boiling points. Commonly used to separate crude oil into different fractions.

Hydrocarbons 

Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

Saturated

Organic compounds are saturated if all the carbon-carbon bonds are single C-C bonds. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

Thermal cracking

A type of cracking that takes place at high pressure and high temperature and produces a high percentage of alkenes.

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