ALEVEL商务知识点整理：人力资源管理与应变管理

ALEVEL商务的复习，少不了是要把全书重点快速过一遍的。所以本文就给大家汇总了人力资源管理和应变管理这2个ALEVEL商务知识点的相关概念，帮你加快复习效率。

ALEVEL商务考试特点

开始具体的ALEVEL商务知识点讲解前，我们还是先来了解下这门考试。

A-level商务考试，会从4个方面Assessment Objective 考察学员，分别为：

AO1. Knowledge and understanding 知识与理解

AO2. Application 对于知识的应用 

AO3. Analysis 分析能力

AO4. Evaluation 评价，评估能力

paper1和paper2重点在知识点与理解还有其应用，而A2商务考试的paper3的重点在考察学员的分析和评价能力。换句话说，靠着死记硬背，AS的商务还是能考一个很不错的成绩，但是如果你没有优异的逻辑分析能力与批判性思维，A2的商务是很难拿到高分的。

想学好A-level商务，平时就要多阅读一些财经类的文章和杂志，经济学人和纽约时报等都是不错的选择，努力拓宽自己的知识面和视野。除此之外，我们还要锻炼自己的独立思考能力与分析能力，多将一些时事与热点问题结合学过的知识进行分析。

ALEVEL商务知识点精讲

人力资源管理篇

The Human resource cycle

　　Selection – deciding which person to employ from a shortlist.

　　Performance – measure how way they are doing. Probationary periods etc.

　　Appraisal – Internal appraisal of people

　　Development – training, promotions, developing skills. Then move on to selection for next job via promotion therefore completing the cycle.

　　Population Time bomb

　　This is making the selection and recruitment even more important. This is where there is Zero Population Growth. Natural growth rate become zero whereby more people die than are being born.

　　However, we have net immigration therefore this slightly counteracts ZPG. Net immigration creates a multiplier effect positive for the UK economy whereas emigration has a negative multiplier effect as it removes money from the UK economy.

　　Recruitment and Selection

　　Workforce planning is getting the right number of people, with the right skills, in the right place, at the right time.

　　Need to determine H.R. requirements. This involves workforce management. A business needs to recognize when more employees might be needed, when some may need to be laid off (this is hard HR planning). Also need to look ahead to the future needs of employees with regard to skills, i.e. training of employees for new technology (soft planning). Also need to recognize whether or not they need a more flexible workforce.

　　Demand for labor is derived from the product which the business produces./ If there is a downturn in the economy and a product is income elastic then demand will go down meaning less people will be needed in that industry. Demand for labor can also be determined by the success of competition, the success of overseas markets, the amount of labor turnover in the business, the age of employees of the business, the advent of new technology that makes people redundant.

　　Attract suitable candidates for the job

　　Strategic selection is important because it is important that the person fits in well to the business. They need to be correct for the business. This becomes more and more important as you move higher up the business because the importance of decisions made and the repercussions increase in size.

　　Training and Development

　　What are the purposes of training and development?

　　Makes the company more efficient if they are better at their jobs.

　　Work needs to be of a particular standard therefore training and development is important.

　　IIP (investment in people) is important as it improves the business and gives a selling point.

　　If people are trained they are more motivated therefore work better.

ALEVEL商务知识点精讲

应变管理篇

Management of Change

　　Change can be caused by a huge array of different things and there occurrences depends what different externalities effect the business the most. Changes in trends and fashions have an effect on high end retailers but wont effect paper manufactures to such a great degree. Big trends however can affect all businesses, for example the current trend in cutting carbon emissions and tackling global warming is likely to affect almost every business in some way. Improvement in the quality of competition can also effect changes within a business. The economic situation of a country can mean that a business needs to reduce or increase production depending on whether the economy is reaching a peak or is in a trough. Government legislation banning certain production techniques or the use of certain substances in production can also cause change in a business. Furthermore, it might be a takeover that causes huge changes within a business.

　　Change affects all aspects of a business. Below is a list detailing what the effects on a variety of different facets.

　　Products – new technology needs to be incorporated into the product in order for it to remain attractive to customers and it needs to be updated so that it works with the most modern of equipment. Also, customers always want the most high tech products possible so it needs to meet their demands.

　　Market Research – need to be constantly researching in order to find out what the current trends are and how best to meet them etc. The business needs this otherwise it wont be able to compete.

　　R+D – needs to research into ways of meeting the demands found in the market research, could be that it needs t become more environmentally friendly or that new products will be more useful, up to date and desirable.

　　Training – employees need to be trained so that they know how to use the new technology being incorporated into the business and also it needs to constantly change and improve so that customers receive the best service possible.

　　Workforce – Change often means that the workforce needs expanding so that it can meet the new levels of demand or so that the business can grow as a whole. Conversely change ca also mean that redundancies need to be made in order to downsize the business, for instance in a depression.

　　Quality – this needs to remain high at all times therefore constantly needs to change and improve so that customers as satisfied. Also it will and needs to improve along with technology.

　　Employees often resist change. They see it as a negative influence and that it is changing the routines that they have become used to. Also any change often instills in employees the fear that they will lose their jobs and therefore they tend to resent it. Changes to job numbers also demotivate the workforce due to the introduction of new unknown people or through the loss of friends.

ALEVEL商务知识点整理就到这里，希望能帮到你的商务考试。  

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