IB历史真题分析 材料题你应该这么来回答

本期想给大家分享一些有关IB历史真题，大家都来看看历史科目的材料题是怎么分析作答的，7分选手必看哦！

以下这篇材料便是来自中日甲午战争历史同时期日本国民回忆录，其中我们可以看到日本国民对扩张政策的支持和对赢得侵略战争的自豪感，基于此，日本民族主义和军国主义才能在20世纪逐步主导日本的政治、外交和军事政策。IB历史材料题解析（9月第二周未发内容）

（甲午战争中国投降图）

Source

An extract from a memoir, written in 1931 by Ubukata Toshiro, a journalist-novelist, who was a teenager at the start of the Sino-Japanese War.

…Everybody agreed that it would be very difficult to capture Pyongyang, since the city held huge British cannons. However, in August, the Japanese army overpowered Pyongyang with so little effort that it almost was disappointing -and the Japanese people were enraptured. My home town had no telephone system back then. News of victories came to the police before the newspaper received it, thanks to a telegraph line between the post office and police station. All news was put upon the message board in front of the police station, and we children ran to check it several times a day. The excitement of the Japanese people was beyond imagination. After all, China was thirty times as big as Japan, and its population was over 200 million, compared to our 30 million. It had such a competent leader in Li Hongzhang, and this was our first war with a foreign country, a country supported moreover by the British. Everyone -adults, children, the aged, the women -talked about war and nothing else, day and night .. no one ever had been as happy as when we learned of the fall of Pyongyang…

Question -4 marks

With reference to its origin, purpose, and content assess the values and limitations of Source a for historians studying the impact of the Sino-Japanese War of 1895.

这道题来自IB历史paper1 材料题中的第二题，设立目的在于训练学员以历史学家的思考，去检查手或第二手材料，评估其价值及是否能够成为其正在研究的问题的有效佐证资料。在评估过程中，不需要学员判断此材料是否为/二手材料，因为材料的价值第几手无正相关联系。

在这道题的解题过程中，同学们须牢记仔细看材料introduction部分，然后判定材料的provenance出处，purpose目的，content内容，综合以上信息确定这个材料的value价值和limitation局限。从introduction（An extract from a memoir, written in 1931 by Ubukata Toshiro, a journalist-novelist, who was a teenager at the start of the Sino-Japanese War）中我们可以看出，这份材料是一个日本新闻小说家关于中日甲午战争的童年回忆录。

公开的回忆录作为史料具有can insight into personal views, suggest motives for public actions, can first hand experience of the eyewitness, and might show how the individual wants his or her motive or actions to be viewed by the public的价值，但与此同时，由于写作时间一般距离材料中事件真实发生的时间已经过去了一段时间，所以可能有may revise opinions with the benefit of hindsight, might be written because the author wants to highlight the strength of his or her (countriy’s) actions, or many have limitations because of tone, language and expression的限制。

回忆录的目的一般落在特定地区的人民/人物对特定历史事件的感受，也就是该历史事件产生的影响。除此之外，这篇材料的写作的发表时间非常重要—1931年—恰好是日本关东军擅自发动卢沟桥事件入侵中国东北三省并成功建立满洲国，将东三省从中国国民政府中分割出去，成为日本殖民地的重要时刻。在这一日本即将走向对华全面侵略战争的时候，通过发表回忆录的形式表达中日甲午战争为日本国民带来的荣誉感自豪感的目的，可谓十分明显了。

甲午战争后包括日本在内的西方列强瓜分中国

此外，作者是一位新闻记者，可见他平日的工作就是报道各种新闻事件，1931年关东军在中国东北策划和发动侵略战争的行为，他会用什么样的态度（支持还是否定）去报道，是否怀有代表某一方（如关东军）煽动舆论支持侵略的目的，也是我们在回答这篇材料限制方面时需要考虑的。

1931年9月日本关东军在中国东北

Example answer

This source was written by a Japanese journalist who is recalling a key event of his childhood: the victory of the Japanese over the Chinese in 1895. A value of this provenance is that the author experienced the event at first hand and so he can give us an eye-witness account of the impact it had on a small town. The purpose has value in that it is a memoir and it gives an insight into how this event was remembered by some in Japan. It also has value as an example of what was being published about such events in the 1930s, when Japan started to invade China and other East and Southeast Asian nations.

However, the source has some limitations relating to its origin and purpose. As it is a memoir, written some 35 years after the event, it is possible that Ubukata has forgotten some aspects. Besides, some events may have taken on greater importance, especially as he is writing in 1931 when Japan is a great power. Memoirs are written with the purpose of being published and so it is possible that he is exaggerating some aspects to make his memoir more interesting. This limitation can be seen in the language, "no one had ever been so happy”.

注意：在写作时，价值和局限分成两段写，每一段都必须有一个简单的主题句，且每一段最好能罗列出2-3点价值/局限，此外，第二段时用however, in contrast这样的转折词过渡。最后，不要用太肯定的语气，多用might,may, it is possible that…,可以显示出学员的谨慎的历史思维和态度。

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