A2经济学知识点讲解之accelerator effect 3分钟让你记住这部分所有的概念

A2经济学对于同学们来说是一场考试灾难，因为相较于AS年级来说，A2经济涉及的内容更广，知识点也更多。下面给大家讲解一个A2经济学知识点-Accelerator Effect，这个知识点在A2经济中也是一个学习难点，有不会的同学来看看吧！

A2经济学知识点-Accelerator Effect

What is the accelerator effect?

The accelerator effect happens when an increase in national income (GDP) results in a proportionately larger rise in capital investment spending. In other words, we often see a surge in capital spending by businesses when an economy is growing quite strongly.

注意：accelerator effect 是GDP增大后导致investment更大规模的增大。

How can the accelerator effect come about?

Consider an industry where demand is rising at a strong pace.

Firms will respond to growing demand by expanding production and making fuller use of their existing productive capacity. They may also choose to meet higher demand by running down their stocks of finished products. 

At some point – and if they feel that the higher level of demand will be sustained – they may choose to increase spending on capital goods such as plant and machinery, factories and new technology in order to increase their capacity. If this investment goes beyond what is needed simply to replace worn out, fully depreciated machinery, then the capital stock of the business will become larger. 

In this sense, the demand for capital goods is being driven by the demand for the products that the firm is supplying to the market. This gives rise to the accelerator effect - the principle states that a given change in demand for consumer goods will cause a greater percentage change in demand for capital goods. 

A good example might be the surge in capital investment in wind turbines due to the super-high level of oil and gas prices and a rising market demand for renewable energy. In this case, strong demand created a positive accelerator effect. 

But this can also go into reverse e.g. during an economic slowdown or recession. World oil prices have collapsed and many wind farm projects have been scaled back or postponed because the economic viability of renewable energy has worsened.

注意：accelerator effect一般发生在经济快速增长阶段，快速增加的需求会investment的增大。

Explaining the importance of the Capital Output Ratio.

The accelerator model works on the basis of a fixed capital to output ratio.

For example if demand in a given year rises by £4 million and each extra £1 of output requires an average of £3 of capital inputs to produce this output, then the net level of investment required will be £12 million.

One criticism of this simple accelerator model is that the capital stock of a business can rarely be adjusted immediately to its desired level because of ‘adjustment costs’ and ‘time lags’. The adjustment costs include the cost of lost business due to installation of new equipment or the financial cost of re-training workers. Firms will usually make progress towards achieving an optimum capital stock rather than moving smoothly from one optimal size of plant and machinery to another.

A further criticism of the basic accelerator model is that it ignores the spare capacity that a business might have at their disposal and also their ability to outsource production to other businesses to meet a short term rise in demand.

注意：accelerator effect 和capital output ratio有很大的关系，一般来说两者相等，但是这个理论也是有缺陷的，没有考虑spare capacity.

How does the accelerator effect help to explain the economic cycle?

The accelerator principle is used to help explain business cycles. 

The accelerator theory suggests that the level of net investment will be determined by the rate of change of national income. 

If national income is growing at an increasing rate then net investment will also grow, but when the rate of growth slows net investment will fall. 

There will then be an interaction between the multiplier and the accelerator that may cause larger fluctuations in the trade cycle.

注意：accelerator effect 认为net investment决定了 rate of economy growth。

when will the accelerator effect be strongest

The accelerator effect will tend to be high when the rate change of consumer income and spending is strongly positive.The amount of spare productive capacity for businesses is low.The available supply of investment funds is high.

以上就是A2经济accelerator effect知识点英文版了，同学们如果想以后学习商科、经济方向就一定要重视A2经济成绩，想要获得A*成功拿目标大学吗？赶紧了解Alevel同步培训班，唯寻有着多年的从教经验，为您手把手划出重难点。

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